In off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems, a battery charge controller is required for energy storage. However, due to unstable weather conditions as well as the frequent variations in load demand, the PV power flow. ••An improved control strategy for charging solar batteries is. a Ideality constant of the diodeCb Battery capacity D. In recent decades, international concerns regarding the exhaustion of fossil energy resources, together with the negative environmental and economic impact related to their excessiv. 2.1. PV charger system descriptionThe schematic diagram in Fig. 1 depicts the proposed PV charger. The system consists of a single conversion stage, wherein a DC-DC step-down (B. Based on the control scheme in Fig. 7, the structure of the proposed power balance control strategy for selecting the suitable operating mode is illustrated in Fig. 9. As shown, four logic.