Grid operators are charged not only by their total energy demand, but also by their highest power demand from the superior grid level. The maximum demand charge is usually imposed on the peak power point of t. AbbreviationsAC Alternative CurrentBESS Battery Energy Storage. 1.1. General problem and motivationElectricity demand, or the energy load, varies over time depending on the season and the load composition, thus, meeting time-varying dem. 2.1. Objective functionThe main goal for the DSO is to reduce the power peaks without deteriorating other relevant cost components. The DSO is penalized for the. 3.1. General system layoutThe BESS of Arbon Energie AG is directly connected to the medium voltage side of a 110/17-kV transformer, as shown in Fig. 4. The BESS has p. 4.1. Load forecastsTable 3 summarizes the performance of peak load forecasting, divided by year and comparing the two models, MIMO, and PEAK.The positi.