Scientists have known for years that sulfate accumulation prevents the classic lead acid from delivering sustained performance; partial charge and aging are the main culprits because the negative lead plate is not sufficiently scrubbed. The advanced lead-carbon (ALC) solves this by adding carbon to the negative plate. The composite plate material of the Firefly Energy battery is based on a lead-acid variant, and the maker claims that the battery is lighter, longer living and offers a higher active material utilization than current lead acid systems. It is also one of the few lead acid batteries. The Axion Power e3 Supercell is a hybrid battery/supercapacitor in which the positive electrode is made of standard lead dioxide and the negative electrode is activated carbon. The assembly process is similar to lead acid. The Axion Power battery offers faster. Similar to the Firefly Energy battery, the Altraverda battery is based on lead. It uses a proprietary titanium sub-oxide ceramic structure called Ebonex®. The Ultrabattery by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) of Australia combines the asymmetric.