This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles (EVs) and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles. It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system (ESS) used in electric vehicles. The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly, cos. This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles (EVs) and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles. It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system (ESS) used in electric vehicles. The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly, cost-effective and drives the EVs into use in day to day life. Various ESS topologies including hybrid combination technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in HEV (PHEV) and many more have been discussed. These technologies are based on different combinations of energy storage systems such as batteries, ultracapacitors and fuel cells. The hybrid combination may be the perspective technologies to support the growth of EVs in modern transportation. The advanced charging systems may also play a major role in the roll-out of electric vehicles in the future. The general strategies of advanced charging systems are explained to highlight the importance of fast charging time with high amount of power and its cost-effectiveness for electric vehicles. Furthermore, the battery pack designing calculation is briefly explained along with all mechanical, electrical and environmental battery tests, which helps in the evaluation of batteries. Moreover, this paper also has a brief summarizing with the help of a flow chart, which clearly demonstrates all the parts of electric vehicles in a mu. ••Basic concepts and challenges were explained for electric vehicles (EVs).••Introduce the techniques and classification of electrochemical energy storage system for EVs.••Introduce the hybrid source combination models and charging schemes for EVs.••Introduce the operation method, control strategies, testing methods and battery package designing of EVs.Electric vehicle (EV)Battery electric vehicle (BEV)Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)BatteryIn modern times, the alarming state of reduction of fossil fuels and increasing awareness about deteriorating climatic conditions has led to the adoption of alternative energy technologies. Among various developed technology, one such alternative technology is an electric vehicle (EV) which is rapidly becoming a part of the modern transportation system. According to Chan (1999), an energy and environment issue have led to the development of EVs where the integration of automobile and electrical engineering is done to achieve high-performance electric vehicle. In the future, EVs are going to play an important role in road transportation, and they may also assist in reducing environmental pollution. Additionally, EVs may provide power to the electric grid whenever needed.EV is the summation of diversified technologies, which include multiple engineering fields such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronics engineering, automotive engineering, and chemical engineering (Chan, 1993). By combining different technologies, the overall efficiency of the EVs can be improved and fuel consumption is reduced. EVs consists of three major systems, i.e., electric motor, power converter, and energy source. EVs are using electric motors to drive and utilize electrical energy deposited in batteries (Chan, 2002). Unlike fuel-based conventional vehicles, EVs never ex. The most emerging transportation system, i.e., EV, is also described as an automobile vehicle that develops through the electric propulsion system. Due to this, EVs may include hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) (Singh et al., 2006). The use of batteries in EV has an absolut.
